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Progress of forest certification in China

Wenming LU, Maharaj MUTHOO

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2017年第4卷第4期页码 414-420 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2017185

摘要： The Chinese Government is committed to forest certification as a market-based instrument to promote sustainable forest management. Forest certification includes a number of regulations, rules and policy paradigms related to certification and there are numerous challenges facing the uptake of forest certification in China. In particular, the ban on commercial logging in natural forests implemented by the Natural Forest Protection Program has resulted in little demand for forest certification of natural forest management units. However, there are also certification opportunities, such as the certification of non-timber forest products that benefit local communities who depend on forests for the goods and services they provide. This paper provides an overview of progress in forest certification in China, including its development history, organizational structure, scheme documents, certification scopes and standards, accreditation, certification bodies and auditors, and certification logos. The paper also focuses on government support for the supervision and management of forest certification through policy incentives, including the potential government procurement and subsidy policies for certified forest products. Finally, the paper analyzes certified non-timber forest products as an example of the value of certification to promote sustainable forest management and how the concept of forest certification can be used to add value to forests and ensure they are responsibly and sustainably managed. In general, forest certification in China has a clear role in sustainable forest management, both for timber and non-timber forest products.

关键词： China Forest Certification Scheme forest certification government support opportunities and challenges sustainable forest management

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Forest resources in China ---- Figures and Graphics

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2017年第4卷第4期页码 504-508 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2017191

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我国林产化学工业发展的新动向

宋湛谦

《中国工程科学》 2001年第3卷第2期页码 1-6

摘要：

林产化学工业是将可再生的森林资源经过化学加工生产出各种有用的产品。它是森林资源高效可持续利用的一个重要组成部分。文章介绍我国林产化学工业的现状，并指出今后发展方向，即加强创新研究，开发深加工产品；推进林产化工企业向大型化发展；发展木材制浆造纸和开发木质能源。

关键词：林产化学工业森林资源化学加工

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Effect of the new maternity insurance scheme on medical expenditures for caesarean delivery in Wuxi,China: a retrospective pre/post-reform case study

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《医学前沿（英文）》 2016年第10卷第4期页码 473-480 doi: 10.1007/s11684-016-0479-

摘要：

Aiming to control rising medical expenditures and help improve China’s healthcare systems, this study examined whether a cap-based medical insurance scheme with shared financial interest between the insurance and healthcare providers is effective in containing hospitals’ C-section medical expenditures. We used 6547 caesarean delivery case records from a teaching tertiary-level general public hospital located in Wuxi, China (2004–2013), and used the Chow test to investigate the possibility of significant variation in mean medical expenditures for caesarean deliveries pre- and post-reform. We also used paired sample t-tests and linear regression models to compare the mean medical expenditures between insured and uninsured women undergoing caesarean delivery during the post-reform period. After the scheme’s implementation, medical expenditures for caesarean deliveries declined and the medical expenditures of women covered by the scheme were significantly lower than those of uninsured patients. These findings indicated the scheme’s effectiveness in minimizing caesarean delivery expenditures. The cap-based medical insurance scheme with shared financial interest between insurance and healthcare providers would likely steer healthcare providers’ behaviors in a more cost-effective direction.

关键词： maternity insurance scheme financial incentive caesarean delivery medical expenditure China

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我国网络空间安全执业资格认证体系研究

张宏莉,于海宁,方滨兴、秦玉海、余翔湛、褚诚缘

《中国工程科学》 2016年第18卷第6期页码 44-48 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2016.06.009

摘要：

网络空间安全执业认证和职业培训是网络空间安全人才培养的重要组成部分，能够持续提升现有从业人员的技术水平和实践能力。本文调研了国内外网络空间安全执业认证和职业培训的发展现状，分析了我国网络空间安全执业认证和职业培训存在的主要问题，提出了建立我国网络空间安全执业认证和职业培训体系的政策建议。

关键词：网络空间安全人才框架执业认证职业培训

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Total phosphorus concentrations in surface water of typical agro- and forest ecosystems in China, 2004

Juan XIE,Xinyu ZHANG,Zhiwei XU,Guofu YUAN,Xinzhai TANG,Xiaomin SUN,D.J. BALLANTINE

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2014年第8卷第4期页码 561-569 doi: 10.1007/s11783-013-0601-5

摘要： The concentrations of total phosphorus (TP) from 83 surface water sampling sites in 29 of the Chinese Ecosystem Research Network (CERN) monitored ecosystems, representing typical agro- and forest ecosystems, were assessed using monitoring data collected between 2004 and 2010 from still and flowing surface water. Results showed that, TP concentrations were significantly higher in agro-ecosystems than those in forest ecosystems both for still and flowing surface water. For agro-ecosystems, TP concentrations in the southern area were significantly higher than those in the northern and north-western areas for both still and flowing surface water, however no distinct spatial pattern was observed for forest ecosystems. In general, the median values of TP within agro- and forest ecosystems did not exceed the Class V guideline for still (0.2 mg·L ) or flowing (0.4 mg·L ) surface water, however, surface water at some agro-ecosystem sampling sites was frequently polluted by TP. Elevated concentrations were mainly found in still surface water at the Changshu, Fukang, Linze and Naiman monitored ecosystems, where exceedance (>0.2 mg·L ) frequencies varied from 43% to 78%. For flowing water, elevated TP concentrations were found at the Hailun, Changshu and Shapotou monitored ecosystems, where exceedance (>0.4 mg·L ) frequencies varied from 29% to 100%. Irrational fertilization, frequent irrigation and livestock manure input might be the main contributors of high TP concentrations in these areas, and reduced fertilizer applications, improvements in irrigation practices and centralized treatment of animal waste are necessary to control P loss in these TP vulnerable zones.

关键词： Chinese Ecosystem Research Network (CERN) total phosphorus (TP) surface water ecosystem type spatial variation

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我国木质林产品质量安全现状及管理对策

崔敏,段新芳,吕斌

《中国工程科学》 2014年第16卷第4期页码 45-50

摘要：

木质林产品是人类生活不可或缺的一类消费品，其产品质量安全与消费者人身安全密切相关。本文主要围绕产品本身质量及产品质量安全管理两个方面分析了目前我国木质林产品的质量安全现状及存在的问题，提出了提高木质林产品质量和保证木质林产品质量安全的对策，以加强我国木质林产品质量安全管理，提高我国木质林产品质量安全水平，促进我国林业产业又好又快发展。

关键词：木质林产品质量安全现状存在问题对策

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Integration of current identity-based district-varied health insurance schemes in China: implications

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《医学前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第1期页码 79-84 doi: 10.1007/s11684-012-0179-5

摘要：

With China’s great efforts to improve public health insurance, clear progress has been achieved toward the ambitious full health insurance coverage strategy for all. The current health insurance schemes in China fall into three categories: urban employee basic health insurance scheme, urban resident scheme, and new rural cooperative medical system. Despite their phasic success, these substantially identity-based, district-varied health insurance schemes have separate operation mechanisms, various administrative institutions, and consequently poor connections. On the other hand, the establishment and implementation of various health insurance schemes provide the preconditioning of more sophisticated social health insurance schemes, the increase in the income of urban and rural people, and the great importance attached by the government. Moreover, the reform of the “Hukou” (household register) system provides economical, official, and institutional bases. Therefore, the establishment of an urban-rural integrated, citizen-based, and nationwide-universal health insurance scheme by the government is critically important to attain equality and national connection. Accordingly, the differences between urban and rural areas should be minimized. In addition, the current schemes, administrative institutions, and networks should be integrated and interconnected. Moreover, more expenditure on health insurance might be essential for the integration despite the settings of global financial crisis. Regardless of the possible challenges in implementation, the proposed new scheme is promising and may be applied in the near future for the benefit of the Chinese people and global health.

关键词： health insurance urban employee basic health insurance scheme urban-resident scheme new rural cooperative medical system

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我国国家质量基础设施发展战略研究

宫轲楠,于连超,徐学林

《中国工程科学》 2021年第23卷第3期页码 46-52 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2021.03.015

摘要：

国家质量基础设施（NQI）是一个国家高质量发展的技术基础，是国家创新体系的重要组成部分。提升国家质量基础设施的技术能力和管理水平是支撑科技强国、质量强国建设的关键手段。开展国家质量基础设施发展战略研究，对支撑我国从大国向强国转变具有重要战略意义。本文系统分析了国内外质量基础设施发展现状以及存在的问题，研究提出了我国国家质量基础设施发展战略的总体思路、发展目标和发展方向，从明确国家质量基础设施的战略定位，优化国家质量基础设施组织体系建设，夯实国家质量基础设施基础及系统性服务，加强国家质量基础设施多元化投入保障，推动国家质量基础设施国际交流合作等方面提出政策及保障措施建议，以期为我国国家质量基础设施的科学发展提供支撑和参考。

关键词：国家质量基础设施，标准，计量，认证认可，检验检测

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森林火灾预报的新视角

赵宪文

《中国工程科学》 2000年第2卷第5期页码 66-71

摘要：

从森林火灾成灾的三个基本因子（火源、环境和可燃物）入手，在宏观上对西南地区森林火灾预报方法进行了探讨。在预测林火发生方面，考虑到人为火是发生森林火灾的主要原因，有很大随机性，因而采用了马尔科夫随机过程理论。在分析成灾环境时，采用了与天、地、生相关分析的方法。特别在可燃物的贮量估测方面，用航天遥感数据，提出一套新的框算方法，为在区域的尺度上估测森林火灾给出了有效的、定量的方法，从而提高了可信度。

关键词：森林火灾预报航天遥感火灾基本因子新视角

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Cattle manure biochar and earthworm interactively affected CO and NO emissions in agricultural and forest

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第3期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-021-1473-8

摘要：

• Earthworms increase CO₂ and N₂O emissions in agricultural and forest soil.

关键词： Carbon sequestration Forest soil Cattle manure biochar Greenhouse gas emissions Soil fauna

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Floating forest: A novel breakwater-windbreak structure against wind and wave hazards

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第5期页码 1111-1127 doi: 10.1007/s11709-021-0757-1

摘要： A novel floating breakwater-windbreak structure (floating forest) has been designed for the protection of vulnerable coastal areas from extreme wind and wave loadings during storm conditions. The modular arch-shaped concrete structure is positioned perpendicularly to the direction of the prevailing wave and wind. The structure below the water surface acts as a porous breakwater with wave scattering capability. An array of tubular columns on the sloping deck of the breakwater act as an artificial forest-type windbreak. A feasibility study involving hydrodynamic and aerodynamic analyses has been performed, focusing on its capability in reducing wave heights and wind speeds in the lee side. The study shows that the proposed 1 km long floating forest is able to shelter a lee area that stretches up to 600 m, with 40%–60% wave energy reduction and 10%–80% peak wind speed reduction.

关键词： floating structure breakwater windbreak hydrodynamic CFD

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中国森林资源检测体系建设关键技术

赵修莉, 冯仲科, 周扬扬, 林奕成

《工程（英文）》 2020年第6卷第5期页码 491-494 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2019.07.022

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Effects of land use change on hydrological cycle from forest to upland field in a catchment, Japan

Chuan ZHANG, Keiji TAKASE, Hiroki OUE, Nobuhiro EBISU, Haofang YAN

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2013年第7卷第4期页码 456-465 doi: 10.1007/s11709-013-0218-6

摘要： Understanding the effects of land use change on the hydrological cycle is very important for development of sustainable water resource in an upland field catchment. In this study, soil and hydrological properties in an upland field catchment, which was reclaimed partially from a forest catchment, were compared with another forest catchment. The soil properties of surface and subsurface layers were investigated in the two catchments. The soil was compacted and water-holding capacity of soil in the upland field catchment became smaller after the reclamation from forest to upland field, which decreased infiltration rate and water storage in the soil layers. We found that peak discharge and direct runoff in the upland field catchment increased compared with the forest catchment. Annual evapotranspiration from the upland field catchment tended to be lower due to the change in vegetation type and soil properties. Furthermore, a semi-distributed hydrological model was applied in the upland field catchment to understand the integrated effects of reclamation on the hydrological cycle. The model parameters, which were determined using a nonlinear optimization technique—the Shuffled Complex Evolution method (SCE), were compared between the two catchments. The Nash and Sutcliffe coefficient was used to evaluate the model performance. The simulated results indicated that evapotranspiration was decreased and change in discharge was more obvious in the surface layer. We considered that declined infiltration and water storage and increased peak discharge and direct runoff have a negative impact on water resources in the upland field catchment. This study will provide information for forest managers in planning and making decisions for land and water resource management.

关键词： land-use change hydrological processes upland field catchment forest catchment semi-distributed hydrological model

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Advances in eucalypt research in China

Yaojian XIE, Roger J. ARNOLD, Zhihua WU, Shuaifei CHEN, Apeng DU, Jianzhong LUO

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2017年第4卷第4期页码 380-390 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2017171

摘要： Eucalypt plantations in China currently exceed 4.5 Mhm , and this country has the third largest area of such plantations after India and Brazil. China’s eucalypt industry now comprises a complex, multifaceted industry including seedling propagation, fertilizer production and supply, plantation silviculture, harvesting and transport, wood processing for products including lumber, pulp and paper, and wood-based panels, as well as bioenergy production and various forest byproducts and non-wood forest products. In 2015, the combined value of output of this whole industry was around 300 billion CNY. Chinese research and development (R&D) has been instrumental in supporting growth and development across the whole breadth of the country’s eucalypt industry. In this report, recent advances in this R&D are reviewed under six key topics: (1) advanced propagation technology; (2) genetic resources and breeding; (3) targeted silviculture; (4) eucalypt disease and pest management; (5) enhancing plantation ecology and sustainability; and (6) wood processing and byproduct technology. R&D has greatly facilitated expansion and proliferation of all parts of China’s eucalypt industry. This industry is now of major importance to China’s economy; it involves tens of thousands of growers and companies that provide livelihoods for hundreds of thousands of people.

关键词： China Eucalypt Research Centre timber production tree improvement silviculture forest industry Eucalyptus